Growth and Development of Characters: Gustad Noble and Elaine Risley Essay

So as to adjust in an ever-evolving society, abounding with generosity and interest, an individual must have the option to adjust to separating environmental factors. The human brain and body must wrestle with upsetting recollections or enchanting shows of life. These considerations are directed through different feelings. Feelings are physical or mental articulations, regularly automatic, identified with sentiments, observations or convictions about components, articles or relations between them, in all actuality or in the creative mind. The development and change of any element can't be legitimately physical, yet in addition mental quality and knowledge. Past experience of any way hues the individual for eventual fate of consistent change. Gustad Noble of Rohinton Mistry’s Such A Long Journey and Elaine Risley of Margaret Atwood’s Cat’s Eye show the example of the â€Å"circle of life†: karma, religion, loved ones. The perusers can picture humble ways of life developing in the wake of abrupt changes. These changes have the characters scrutinizing their ethical heart as their life graphs towards unknown waters. The authors’ translations of these sensible circumstances build a model for the perusers to pass judgment on their ways of life by. Mistry and Atwood utilize artistic gadgets, lingual authority, and smart wit to upgrade the perusing experience for the crowd. The perusers witness the heroes turning out to be better people through misfortune, as they beat unanticipated difficulties. Eastern and Western social orders are so unique from multiple points of view, but then there are a few components that are all inclusive: selling out, adoration, sympathy, family, and companionship. The accentuation of Elaine and Gustad’s battles makes a deception that their catastrophes are the readers’ disasters too. The focal subject of the two books is the need to grasp feelings, particularly misery, and not to run from them and furthermore their alternate points of view of progress and segregation. It portrays that life has a lot of hindrances, yet with diligence and assurance, they can be survived. In the storylines of the two books, fellowship and disloyalty become very obvious and unequivocal. In Cat’s Eye, Elaine Risley permits her body and psyche to be mishandled by her purported â€Å"friends† and to scrutinize her feeling of personality. This prodding by the young ladies, Cordelia, Grace, and Carol, breaks Risley’s confidence and leads her to receive upset propensities, for example, stripping her skin, gnawing her nails, and biting her hair. In the fallout of the scaffold episode, Elaine supports herself and steps forward for opportunity the girls’ torment and torment. Acknowledgment comes slamming down on her, of how she had succumbed to the figment of bogus companionship. Her youth was scarred from all the passionate torment she persevered. Essentially, in Such A Long Journey, Gustad Noble had likewise accepted he had been sold out by his dearest companion, Major Jimmy Bilimoria. The Major had sent him an enormous entirety of cash to be stored in the bank, anyway it was cash probably to be utilized to help revolts in East Pakistan in its war exertion. Gustad first idea it would be a chivalrous strategic, the military, however he before long understands the threat he is bringing to his family and profession. Not at all like Elaine, who was sincerely connected to her â€Å"best friends†, Bilimoria’s activities came as an abrupt stun. Jimmy resembled family to the Nobles, the kids regarded and adored him, and gave such a great amount of delight to all. To start with, he withdrew without a farewell and afterward left the Noble family into a snare of trickiness. Gaustad has his doubts, however considers this to be a trial of dedication to his old companion. His whole family was against it, and generally, so was he. In any case, Gustad would not let his friend’s call go unanswered, yet required a little influence. In the two circumstances, the perusers need to connect and help, and cause the trial to appear to be less entangled, however the two characters are sincerely appended to their companions. With regards to whether kinship was of significance, Elaine and Gustad remain on inverse sides. Gustad was the more receptive of the two, in any event, demonstrating admiration to the intellectually insecure Tehmul, while Elaine avoided Cordelia physical, yet was as yet shaken by her past injuries. Gustad doesn't incline toward change as his life in the past is depicted as heaven to him. It is with change, comes issues. He accuses the topic of progress of causing his child not to go to IIT, as his child has changed into an alternate individual from before who doesn't regard him. He likewise accuses the subject of progress for Jimmy’s selling out as Jimmy in the past was viewed as the â€Å"loving brother† yet now, he centers around misdirecting Gustad to pick up his own childish objectives. Gustad’s hesitance to change is additionally underlined by the dark divider which speaks to his life in the past during the war, and by leaving those on his windows he underscores that he needs things to be similarly as how they were in those days. The dark divider is another symbolist component used to speak to change, in spite of the fact that Gustad is sickened by its impactful smell, he doesn’t need the divider to be obliterated as it is simply the wellspring of his disconnection and isolates himself from the remainder of the world. Unexpectedly, with Elaine, change is practically steady all through the novel. Her enduring in the possession of Cordelia, Grace, and Carol have left her scrambling for answers and scrutinizing her feeling of personality. As she develops into a grown-up, her unpleasant recollections of her youth keep on remaining with her. Steady flashbacks help her to remember the past, and how she defeated it. The marble of the cat’s eye is utilized to speak to change, as it resembled a charm that shielded Elaine from her past difficulties. Previously, it was Cordelia who held the high ground in their relationship, however as they became grown-ups, Elaine acknowledged how both their lives finished in totally opposing ways. Since everything didn't go her way from before, everything must be flawless later on, and in this manner steady change. Both Elaine and Gustad investigate the idea of memory and personality, and how experience of the present is shaded by past occasions. Otherworldliness and religion likewise sway the development and improvement, as it plays an essential topic in the lives of Elaine and Gustad. As the world appeared to crash down on him, for example, Roshan’s sickness, Sohab’s demeanor towards going to IIT, Major Jimmy’s issue and his fight with a neighbor, Gustad would consistently go to his petitions to tackle these issues. In Hinduism and Christianity/Catholicism, an individual of unadulterated heart is constantly recognized with favorable luck, and this was shown with both Gustad and Elaine. Elaine can be delineated as a settler from the beginning of her appearance in Toronto, changed genuinely and intellectually. She was raised as a kid, growing up with her sibling Stephen, and was keen on unexpected things in comparison to what â€Å"normal† young ladies might want. Different young ladies utilized Elaine like a lower being, so as to like their below average appearance. The enthusiastic torment Elaine felt was restored with the guide of the Virgin Mary. One can envision the Virgin Mary talking through Elaine as she dismissed Cordelias’ requests, liberating her from her jail of unfair treatment. In like manner, Gaustad and his kusti permitted him also beat the different impediments throughout his life. For instance, his penance to spare an elder’s life left him just with a minor limp, as his companion Major Bilimoria spared him from broad harms. Additionally, as the pressure mounted to its top on Gustad, the perusers can without much of a stretch recognize his Gustad’s mishaps started turning the other way; Roshan recuperating, Sohab returning, and learning of Jimmy’s genuine themes of the cash. One can envision the mass of heavenly creatures, a thought of Gustad himself, lightened these weights. This divider turned into a sanctuary itself, as gave a various mental solace to those to take a gander at it. Gustad would consistently commend the road craftsman who breathed life into this landmark, as it portrayed the otherworldly creatures that the humans venerated to flourish in different parts of life. Confidence is quite often the first thing individuals go to in quite a while of need and very unique in both Elaine and Gustad’s cases. Elaine didn't have faith in any prevalent creatures, until Grace welcomed her to go to chapel. It’s impossible to miss on the grounds that a short time later, as she appeals to Jesus, that she is requesting her supplications are allowed. She envisioned God as somebody who might answer every one of her issues instantly. As a general rule, here and there life doesn’t turn your direction constantly, and Elaine didn't realize that. This might be the reason she changed over into a Catholic and venerated the Virgin Mary. Gustad, in actuality, appears to have been a strict man since his youth. His beloved recollections were fantasizing about securing a manor and fending off mythical serpents with his consecrated kusti. In the current time span of the novel, the perusers learn innumerable individuals made it theirs. The divider had a specific quieting quality about it, and that it is his wake-up routine to implore before he starts whatever else. Albeit both Gustad and Elaine’s considerations upon confidence and religion are very unique, one can say that it was divine intercession that helped them all through the entirety of their difficulties and languishing. Distinction or autonomy can be characterized as the state or nature of being liberated from coercion or from the impact, control, or direction of people, things, or circumstances. Gustad and Elaine feel the need of confinement, and binding themselves in their brains, without communicating internal feelings for a lion's share of the books. The perusers can observer the advancement of Gustad’s character as the novel advances, before a great many issues started to sum. One can just envision the inside torment he feels as Roshan becomes sick, Sohrab challenging his fa

Teaching Philosophy Statement Essay -- Teaching Teachers Education Ess

Showing Philosophy Statement â€Å"A instructor influences time everlasting; he can never tell where his impact stops† (Henry B. Adams). I can’t recollect when I concluded that I needed to turn into an instructor. I didn’t simply get up one morning and contemplate internally I need to be an educator, it just appears that I generally realized that I would instruct. Both of my folks are educators however they really attempted to convince me to go into an alternate calling. Despite the fact that I was cautioned about the drawbacks of being an instructor, I realized I needed to turn into an educator. As a kid one of my preferred games to play was school. I could play school for a considerable length of time whether I was showing my younger siblings or a study hall of plush toys. I feel that I cherished playing school since I regarded my instructors to such an extent. I felt that my Elementary teachers were the sharpest individuals on the planet. I adored professing to be the educators that I turned upward to and respected. As I developed more seasoned I realized that I needed to be a grade teacher since I needed to work with youngsters. I realized that I needed to be a piece of the eagerness that small kids have for school and I needed to sometime have the option to give the information to my students’ yearning to learn. I realized that educating and helping kids would be the most remunerating activity that I would ever have. I need to be an educator since I imagine that I can have any kind of effect in a child’s life. I need to have the option to cause a timid youngster to feel safe in my homeroom. With persistence I can enable a moderate kid to feel keen. I can help dismissed or oppressed youngsters feel unique. The fulfillment of making a miserable or disturbed youngster grin is one of the most significant reasons that have helped me choose to turn into an educator. I... ...’s degree in perusing. I might likewise want to turn out to be broadly confirmed through the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards. I will utilize my over a wide span of time encounters to be the most ideal instructor that I can be. In spite of the fact that late spring excursion and occasions off are acceptable impetuses for me to need to turn into an educator, being a significant figure in a child’s life is the entirety of the motivation that I need. I realize that being an instructor is certainly not a charming occupation yet to me it is the most significant position an individual can fill. I have the need and want to turn into the best instructor that I can be and I am will to work my hardest and give it my best exertion. In the event that I can have a positive effect on the life of in any event one youngster than I will feel that I have achieved my objective. â€Å"What mold does to a square of marble, training is to a human soul† (Joseph Addison). Training Philosophy Statement Essay - Teaching Teachers Education Ess Showing Philosophy Statement â€Å"A educator influences forever; he can never tell where his impact stops† (Henry B. Adams). I can’t recollect when I concluded that I needed to turn into an instructor. I didn’t simply get up one morning and ponder internally I need to be an instructor, it just appears that I generally realized that I would educate. Both of my folks are instructors yet they really attempted to convince me to go into an alternate calling. Despite the fact that I was cautioned about the detriments of being an educator, I realized I needed to turn into an instructor. As a youngster one of my preferred games to play was school. I could play school for quite a long time whether I was showing my younger siblings or a homeroom of plush toys. I imagine that I cherished playing school since I regarded my educators to such an extent. I felt that my Elementary teachers were the most intelligent individuals on the planet. I cherished professing to be the instructors that I turned upward to and appreciated. As I developed more seasoned I realized that I needed to be a grade teacher since I needed to work with kids. I realized that I needed to be a piece of the energy that small kids have for school and I needed to some time or another have the option to give the information to my students’ yearning to learn. I realized that educating and helping youngsters would be the most compensating activity that I would ever have. I need to be an educator since I believe that I can have any kind of effect in a child’s life. I need to have the option to cause a timid youngster to feel safe in my study hall. With persistence I can enable a moderate kid to feel shrewd. I can help disregarded or oppressed kids feel uncommon. The fulfillment of making a despondent or upset youngster grin is one of the most significant reasons that have helped me choose to turn into an instructor. I... ...’s degree in perusing. I might likewise want to turn out to be broadly affirmed through the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards. I will utilize my over a wide span of time encounters to be the most ideal instructor that I can be. Despite the fact that late spring get-away and occasions off are acceptable motivating forces for me to need to turn into an instructor, being a significant figure in a child’s life is the entirety of the motivation that I need. I realize that being an educator is certainly not a breathtaking occupation however to me it is the most significant position an individual can fill. I have the need and want to turn into the best educator that I can be and I am will to work my hardest and give it my best exertion. On the off chance that I can have a positive effect on the life of in any event one kid than I will feel that I have achieved my objective. â€Å"What form does to a square of marble, training is to a human soul† (Joseph Addison).

Council Bluffs

Council Bluffs Council Bluffs, city (1990 pop. 54,315), seat of Pottawattamie co., SW Iowa, on and below bluffs overlooking the Missouri River, opposite Omaha, Nebr.; inc. 1853. It was first settled by whites when the Mormons came in 1846 and dubbed the site Kanesville; when they left in 1852, the settlement was renamed Council Bluffs. An important supply point during the gold rush (1849â€"50), Council Bluffs was made the eastern terminus of the Union Pacific RR in 1863. The city has become an important trade and industrial center for a large agricultural area; casino gambling is also economically important. It has grain elevators, and manufactures include processed foods, metal and wood products, farm equipment, chemicals, and furniture. Among the points of interest in the city are Dodge House, the former home of Gen. G. M. Dodge , founder of the Union Pacific RR; the Lewis and Clark Monument; and the Lincoln Monument, built in honor of Abraham Lincoln's visit to Council Bluffs. Lake Manawa Stat e Park lies within the city limits. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

A Comparative Study of Nelson Mandela and Adolf Hitler Essay

A Comparative Study of Nelson Mandela and Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler and Nelson Mandela are vastly different men, however in many ways through out their lives they both held a huge influence over their countrymen, the politics of their country and inevitably they both shaped the course of history for better or worse. Their fight, was not won without a struggle, but was helped by their masterful oratorical skills and the willingness of their followers to do anything for the cause. Following the First World War Germanys economy began to fail, the German people were disgruntled with their current government and went in search of another leader. They were looking for a man that had the mettle to†¦show more content†¦They were looking for someone to lead them and Hitler has presented himself as their man, a man of the people who would save Germany from decline. As Hitler built up his base of followers through ventures such as the Hitler Youth and his personal army the German people became more and more convinced that he was their s avior. They not only believed in the principles and moral values that he held but much more than this they loved him, they would do anything for him, and later many were called upon to do so. Following Word War One, Germanys previous governing monarch was ousted and replaced with an alien democracy. This however was not to last long, with many people viewing this change of system as responsible for Germanys numerous problems. As soon as Hitler came to power he removed and challenge of a political form , sometimes using force and then further more entrenched himself as dictator of Germany. As he became less and less dependent of the other politicians around him he effectively made all the decisions on Germanys future by himself. Hitler, through the use of his incredible influence on the people of Germany had engaged them to such a stage where they were happy to let Hitler run the country. As history has proved time and time again one man making all the decisions for a country is a ve ry dangerous situation and as you know it was proved once again. Through HitlerShow MoreRelatedA Comparative Study of Nelson Mandela and Adolf Hitler1502 Words   |  7 PagesAdolf Hitler and Nelson Mandela are vastly different men, however in many ways through out their lives they both held a huge influence over their countrymen, the politics of their country and inevitably they both shaped the course of history for better or worse. Their fight, was not won without a struggle, but was helped by their masterful oratorical skills and the willingness of their followers to do anything for the cause. 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Rhetorical Analysis Of Patrick Henrys Speech - 995 Words

Would America be the same country if it was not for our founding fathers and their contribution? Throughout history, our nation has been shaped by people including, Patrick Henry, George Washington, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and many other key players who fought for our independence and left a legacy behind. Henry for instance, was one of the leading figures of the American Revolution. In his most famous speech, he effectively persuades his opponents and supporters of the revolution to unite and fight for independence by using rhetorical devices and appeals. In the first paragraph of Henrys speech, he does not immediately discredit with the views of his audience but shows a different viewpoint by referencing the bible. He states†¦show more content†¦Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation? Have we shown ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled, that force must be called in to win back our love? Let us not deceive ourselves, sir. These are the implements of war and subjugation.† (Henry) Instead of appealing to his religious beliefs, he is now transitioning into logistics to show colonists how Britain’s intentions are not noble and do not support the colonist’s wish for freedom. He asks the colonists why it is necessary for the King to have fleets and armies on their land if war was not what they sought. He uses detailed and emotional words such as, â€Å"darken our land† and â€Å"cover our waters† to add to his recurring themes of slavery and imprisonment. After explaining the apparent intentions of the British, Henry continues his speech using emotion and rational debate to appeal to his different audience members. Henry uses the fifth paragraph of his speech to again refute the arguments of his opposition by saying, â€Å"Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying supine on our backs and hugging the delusive phantom of hope, until our enemies shall have bound us hand and foot? 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Customer Relationship Management Systems Education Essay Free Essays

Sing that the companys concern schemes turn out to be more clients based with the alteration and personalize inspection and repair, the ( IT ) information engineering are make usage of non merely to supply services and merchandises within and concern, but besides to provide end-users of the organisations points for ingestion and services. Specially, the use of IT adjoins as a new facet to relationship selling, recognized as Customer Relationship Management ( CRM ) and at its inside, is about obtaining client, supplying services, cognizing them good, and looks frontward to their demands ( L.Ryals and A. We will write a custom essay sample on Customer Relationship Management Systems Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Payne.2001 ) . Conventional selling concentrated on the four Ps ( monetary value, topographic point, merchandise and publicity ) for intensifying market portion from side to side addition in the measure of minutess among the purchasers and Sellerss. Although client relationship direction converge on utilizing schemes, tolls and engineering for encouragement the relationship among the marketer and client focussing on increasing gross revenues net incomes, processs, client satisfaction and profitableness. However, to reply the nucleus inquiry I will cover up the undermentioned stairss: The Main CRM Systems Definition of CRM ( Customer Relationship Management ) Advantage and Disadvantages of CRM with illustration And Decision The Main CRM Systems: Finnegan, ( 2007 ) defined CRM system as â€Å" A CRM system is an information system that is used to be after, agenda and command the presales and post-sales activities in an organisations † . CRM comprise all portion of covering with bing and possible clients: Gross saless, selling and service or proficient support etc. sometimes its call ‘back office and front office systems ‘ because they are the border with the client. CRM systems are collected of analytical and operational parts. Operational CRM The bellow diagram ( figure-1 ) are shown based on the three basic parts of the CRM which contains SFA ( gross revenues force mechanization ) Gross saless CRM entail appraisal about telephone gross revenues, web gross revenues, retail shop canvass, and field gross revenues ; CSS ( client service and support ) Service CRM entail client conventional applications related to name Centre informations, web self-service informations, and radio informations ; And EMA ( endeav or selling mechanization ) selling CRM involves run informations, content informations and informations analysis. Definition of Customer Relationship Management ( CRM ) : Harmonizing to nucleus demand and as an indispensable constituent of CRM we should do clear about what dose digital house mean is. Keneth C. Laudon and Jane P. Laudon ( 2007 ) defined digital house as â€Å" A digital house is one where about all of the organisations important concern relationships with clients, providers and employees are digitally enables † . However it is an interior concern process are achieved in the class of digital webs across the whole organisation or linking legion organisations. There are many definitions of CRM have been explicated and illuminate by different writers in different position. Pancucci ( 2002 ) observes that ‘there are a figure of definitions of CRM, even taking the ordinance into the domain of societal scientific discipline where the psychological science, behavior forms of group of people, and socio-economic position are seen as critical use of purchasing finding ‘ . Some are shown bellow: Gronroos, ( 1999 ) defined â€Å" CRM is a direct branch of the selling Concept: he explained as ; CRM is a committedness to at the same time hike client satisfaction and stockholders value by supplying consistent, seamless, high-quality experiences for valued client † . Christopher, Payne and Ballantyne, ( 1991 ) defined CRM as â€Å" it is the integrating of client service quality and selling, which has as its concern the double focal point of acquiring and maintaining client † . Strauss and Frost, ( 2001 ) defined CRM as â€Å" it is a holistic procedure of identifying, pulling, distinguishing and retaining client † . Grtner Group, ( 1999 ) â€Å" CRM is a subject – a doctrine even – that requires concern to recognize and foster their relationship with clients. With CRM, an single client ‘s demands and penchants are available to anyone in the concern working at the client interface, irrespective of channel. Each client is treated as an person in a relationship that feels like one-to-one † . However, thought behind the CRM is set up single association with clients, pleasuring different clients in a different manner based on the information acquired on their front-runners, first picks, and disbursement designs ; activates a concern executes to place, develop, get, and retain progressively profitable and loyal clients by presenting the exact merchandise or service, to the exact clients at the right clip, through the precise channel, and the right cost in the shop planning and supply concatenation functions through concern process mechanization, engineering solution and information ownerships to do the most every client contact. Advantages of Customer Relationship Management ( CRM ) : Customer relationship direction helps the concern houses which have determined to implement CRM scheme can ease with Numberss of following advantages: Construct up client keeping and trueness: Customer trueness can be defined harmonizing to Mcllroy and Barnet ( 2000 ) as â€Å" client ‘s committedness to make concern with a peculiar administration, buying their goods and services repeatedly, and urging the services and merchandises to friends and associated † . Therefore, the nucleus benefits of the client keeping and trueness are construct up long term relationship and steer finally to hike net incomes and gross revenues, doing mind of belonging, in the sentiment of Uncles ( 1994 ) harmonizing to consumer trueness programmes apprehensiveness is willing to introduce on behalf of clients, a feeling that the seller is acquire ready to listen, is caring and concerned and consideration methods. The consequence we can acknowledge as a keeping and trueness is an of import facet for client relationship direction ; harmonizing to Byrom ( 2001 ) there are more than 150 trueness strategies and about 40 million trueness cards in the UK. For illustration Tesco trueness Club-card, introduce 1995 was to offer as â€Å" benefits to regular shoppers whilst assisting the company discover more about its client demands † ( Tesco, 2004 ) . The accomplishment of Tesco Club-card had been successful and celebrated in the food market universe as Smith, ( 2004 ) harmonizing to Club-card accomplishment evaluation â€Å" a 3rd of UK places use the plan † . Improved Customer acquisition Ratess: Customer acquisition is an parlance used to explicate the tactics and systems to pull off client point of view and enquiry typically allocate to the organisations to recite the effectivity of effect to pick of promotional activities through out the client lifecycle. However, client geting rate helps to the organisations with follow up client relationship direction ( CRM ) chance for cross-selling, repetition buying, up-selling and bring forthing advanced gross growing. For illustration Tesco Personal Finance ( TPF ) reached acquisition rates December 2008 for hard currency consideration of around 950m lb and get 6m Tesco Finance Customer histories with successfully followed by client relationship direction. ( Andrew Higginson, 2008 ) Improve Cross Selling and up-selling: Cross selling refers to selling things that are correlated or can be included with the points being sold. And up merchandising is the techniques of offering clients a merchandise in addendum to the merchandise are soon buying. For illustration if they sell digital Mobile, it makes sense to suggest linked merchandises to their client: more long life battery, screen, charger etc. or if they are up sell to their client they can offer about anything in addendum to the points clients are antecedently paying attending. However, it is encourage to client to come once more in the shop with purchasing purpose to clip, and enhance to doing long term relationship as a portion of client relationship direction activity. Hike the contract or Name centre effectivity: Taylor and Bain ( 1999 ) has been defined call Centre as â€Å" it is a dedicated operation with employees focused wholly on client service maps, employees are utilizing telephone and computing machine at the same time, and where call procedure controlled and processed by an automatic distribution system † . There has been consistent recent enlargement in call Centre inspection and repair world-wide, with the call Centre of the modern-day expected to progress into the client entree Centre of the hereafter, and supplying a new economical footing for assorted organisations. The activity and effectivity of a call Centre are deriving client orientation, service precedence, growing of turnover, and contribute wholly on the client service map. For illustration UK largest Mobile networking company o2 has given responsibly to keep client service activity through assorted call Centres such as: Active Business Communication call Centre, Active Digital call Centre, Aerial call Centre and so on ( www.o2.co.uk [ accessed-16/01/10 ] ) . And they are determined to give first-class clients feedback on-behalf of o2 Mobile web to keep good client relation. However, client relationship direction has being bearing a great advantage for encouragement the contract or name centre effectivity with the enterpriser and standard client service. Deliver a individual, knowing position of the client: A watercourse advantages for a company conveying out by following client relationship direction system are placing and aim the greatest clients and coevals of distinction of excellence directed for the gross revenues force, create direction of gross revenues and marketing campaigns more effective by puting precise ends, established features relationships with the clients with the vision to do the most house ‘s net incomes and advancement client satisfaction, Understanding the desires of employees and continue a sound co-relationship with them. Disadvantages of Customer Relationship Management System ( CRM ) : Not merely CRM system has advantages so far it can be such a restriction as follows: High Software Cost: For the most portion state of affairs insist package support for client relationship direction affair but the cost of such package is normally elevated. For illustration Wendy Close, research manager at Stamford, Conn.-based Garthner Inc. , allocated the cost for most favorite ‘SIEBAEL ‘ CRM package at $ 16000 to $ 25000 per user, a sum that includes package, preparation, services and hardware. However, this cost might non be low-cost where fewer figure of seats and non holding often economic systems of graduated table convey the monetary value down to $ 12000 for each user. ( www.searchcrm.techtarget.com ) [ Accessed-16/01/10 ] Managing Datas: It is non easy to get by with Immigration and Naturalization Services and outs of informations warehousing and informations disfiguration engineerings. It entails a batch of historical informations to scrutiny analysis and analyze the tapping of information energetic out of it. For illustration the article says on respect Tesco Data Swapping with Oil of Olay and raises a large inquiry â€Å" This is traveling to be large, and non merely in fast traveling consumer goods † . Alan Mitchell ( 2002 ) Not Easy to Process: The appraisal of CRM procedure and its operation is non an easy mission. It requires multidimensional public presentation, and multifactor client behavior which are hard to qualify. Even if they are described in some state of affairs largely score card or in metric format, which is frequently hard to rehearse and understand them. A study found that conducted by research and consultative house Gartner ( Zimmer, 2006 ) â€Å" more than half of the organisations who have implemented the CRM have troubles after execution † . Harmonizing Crowbars, C. A ; Stone, M. ( 2004 ) Aberdeen Group CRM Spending and Satisfaction study ( February, 2003 ) identified that on a user ranged among of â€Å" somehow satisfied † and â€Å" satisfied † scope from one ( non satisfied ) and to five ( wholly satisfied ) which are depends on Area/ location. Approachs of past purchasing behavior of consumer might n’t be same in the hereafter excessively! : Majority of CRM move towards with cod informations on the past buying behavior of client and set abouting it as the likely behavior in farther excessively. This could be an immoral guess in a figure of positions. Customer constrains maintain on switching and varies upon the criticalness of the intent and the degree of letdown with the bing options. For illustration, an article study says Tesco broadband dissatisfaction rate due to hapless client service and experience 2009 churn rates of around 20 % per annum. However the 20 % are used to regular client of Tesco. ( www.phone-shop.tesco.com/latest-news ) [ Accessed-17/01/10 ] Decision: However in the terminal of the study it is explicable that, In malice of that, the client relationship direction has become a maximal precedence for legion of companies. Bohling et Al. ( 2006 ) remarks on diary of CRM execution as ; â€Å" in many competitory markets, concern invest well in CRM execution recently though, companies have become progressively displeased with client relationship direction apply, as the bulk of them are falling short of the outlooks that precede them and are hence considered failures † . Conversely, though it has being first prioritized for many companies but non all companies are being success based on comparison to advantage and disadvantages of client relationship direction in digital houses. Kumar and Shah ( 2008 ) argued that â€Å" CRM offers house strategic benefits, such as greater client satisfaction, and trueness † . Anders ( 1996 ) remarks as â€Å" it is a higher response cross-selling attempts and better word-of-mouth promotion † . However, though some disadvantages and statement has been placed but it is should be remind that CRM assists a company dressed ore on the client as an assets side by side consumers are non forced to by necessity in the same organisation. Many companies waste a batch of money obtain new clients and waste it by neglecting to get to cognize and grok their client, retain and maintain in grip with them. Therefore, Company should setup CRM system based on allow to clients to manage their relationship with multiple providers instead than the other manner embracing. Bibliography: L. Ryals, and A. Payne, ( 2001 ) ‘Customer relationship direction in fiscal services: towards information enabled relationship selling, diary of strategic selling, vol.9, pp. 4-27. Anderson, Eugene W. ( 1996 ) â€Å" client satisfaction and monetary value tolerance, † selling letters, vol.7. ( July ) , pp.265-74 Kumar, V. ( 2008 ) , ‘managing client for net income ‘ . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing. -and Denish Shah ( 2004 ) , â€Å" edifice and prolonging profitable client trueness for the twenty-first Century, † Journal of Retailing, 80 ( 4 ) , pp.317-30 T.Bohling, D.Bowman, S.Lvalle, V.Mittal, G. Ramani et Al. ( 2006 ) , CRM execution: Effective issues and penetrations, Journal of Service Research 9 ( 2 ) , pp.184-194. Performance of Customer Relationship Management with Diagram hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kssi.ae.wroc.pl/~mowoc/Dydaktyka/MIS/Lect5.pdf [ Accessed- 09/01/10 ] Strauss, J. A ; Frost, R. ( 2001 ) , E-marketing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Gronroose, C. ( 1999 ) . Relationship selling: Challenges for the organisation. Journal of Business Research, vol.46, pp.327-355. Gartner Group, ( 1999 ) , specifying CRM: available at: C. Pries A ; M. Stone ( 2004 ) ‘Managing CRM execution with consultants- CRM or alter direction? , diary of alteration direction, vol.4, No.4, ( December ) , pp.352-370 Christopher, M. Payne, A. and Ballantyne, D. ( 1991 ) ‘Relationship Marketing- delivery quality, Customer Service, and selling together, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. , Oxford. Keneth C. Laudon and Jane P. Laudon ( 2007 ) pull offing the digital house, 9th edi. Upper saddle river, NJ: Prentice Hall. Finnegan, D A ; Willcocks, L ( 2007 ) Implementing CRM: from engineering to knowledge, jhon willy and boies LTD. Wet Sussex, England. Mcllroy, A. , Barnett, S. ( 2000 ) , â€Å" edifice client relationships: do dismiss card plants? † pull offing the service quality, Vol. 10 no. 6. Pp.347-55 Uncles, M. ( 1994 ) â€Å" Do you or your client need a trueness strategy? â€Å" , diary of Targeting, measuring and analysis for selling, vol. 2 no.4, pp.335-50 Byrom, J. ( 2001 ) â€Å" the function of trueness card informations within local selling enterprises † , international diary of Retiling A ; Distribution Management, vol. 29 No. 7.pp.333-42 Tesco, ( 2004 ) , â€Å" Corporate information † , p. 1-3 available at: www.tescocorporate.com [ accessed-17/01/2010 ] Smith, J. ( 2004 ) , â€Å" Every small aid † , The Ecologist, vol. 34 No.7, pp.1-9 Higginson, A ( 2008 ) , â€Å" can Tosco truly offer the same value as my bank † , p.1-4 available at: www.tescoplc.com/annualreport09/storage/pdf/retailing_services.pdf [ accessed- 17/01/10 ] O2 Centre of first-class partner- hypertext transfer protocol: //www.o2.co.uk/sme/whyo2/o2partners/excellence-centre [ accessed-16/01/10 ] Taylor, P. and Bain, P. ( 1999 ) , â€Å" An assembly line in the caput ‘ : work and employee dealingss in the call Centre † , â€Å" Industrial Relations Journal, vol. 30 No. 2, pp. 101-17 Cost of Siebel CRM package: hypertext transfer protocol: //searchcrm.techtarget.com/tip/Siebel-CRM-software-costs [ accessed- 16/01/10 ] Alan Mitchell ( 2002 ) , ‘Can company affords to portion CRM strategies? † p.1-1 available at www.marketlocation.com [ accessed-14/01/10 ] Zimmer, J. ( 2006 ) , â€Å" Be ready to take the heat † , Destination CRM, Viewpoint available at: www.destinationcrm.com [ accessed-14/01/10 ] Tesco Telecom, overseas telegram A ; warless: ( November, 2009 ) , available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //phone-shop.tesco.com/latest-news/Tesco % 20Telecoms % 20CW % 20release % 20FINAL.pdf [ accessed: 17/01/10 ] Crowbars, C. A ; Stone, M. ( 2004 ) , â€Å" Pull offing CRM execution with consultants- CRM or alter direction † job with CRM execution, â€Å" diary of alteration direction † vol. 4. No.4, pp.350-370. How to cite Customer Relationship Management Systems Education Essay, Essay examples

Customer Relationship Management Systems Education Essay Free Essays

Sing that the companys concern schemes turn out to be more clients based with the alteration and personalize inspection and repair, the ( IT ) information engineering are make usage of non merely to supply services and merchandises within and concern, but besides to provide end-users of the organisations points for ingestion and services. Specially, the use of IT adjoins as a new facet to relationship selling, recognized as Customer Relationship Management ( CRM ) and at its inside, is about obtaining client, supplying services, cognizing them good, and looks frontward to their demands ( L.Ryals and A. We will write a custom essay sample on Customer Relationship Management Systems Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Payne.2001 ) . Conventional selling concentrated on the four Ps ( monetary value, topographic point, merchandise and publicity ) for intensifying market portion from side to side addition in the measure of minutess among the purchasers and Sellerss. Although client relationship direction converge on utilizing schemes, tolls and engineering for encouragement the relationship among the marketer and client focussing on increasing gross revenues net incomes, processs, client satisfaction and profitableness. However, to reply the nucleus inquiry I will cover up the undermentioned stairss: The Main CRM Systems Definition of CRM ( Customer Relationship Management ) Advantage and Disadvantages of CRM with illustration And Decision The Main CRM Systems: Finnegan, ( 2007 ) defined CRM system as â€Å" A CRM system is an information system that is used to be after, agenda and command the presales and post-sales activities in an organisations † . CRM comprise all portion of covering with bing and possible clients: Gross saless, selling and service or proficient support etc. sometimes its call ‘back office and front office systems ‘ because they are the border with the client. CRM systems are collected of analytical and operational parts. Operational CRM The bellow diagram ( figure-1 ) are shown based on the three basic parts of the CRM which contains SFA ( gross revenues force mechanization ) Gross saless CRM entail appraisal about telephone gross revenues, web gross revenues, retail shop canvass, and field gross revenues ; CSS ( client service and support ) Service CRM entail client conventional applications related to name Centre informations, web self-service informations, and radio informations ; And EMA ( endeav or selling mechanization ) selling CRM involves run informations, content informations and informations analysis. Definition of Customer Relationship Management ( CRM ) : Harmonizing to nucleus demand and as an indispensable constituent of CRM we should do clear about what dose digital house mean is. Keneth C. Laudon and Jane P. Laudon ( 2007 ) defined digital house as â€Å" A digital house is one where about all of the organisations important concern relationships with clients, providers and employees are digitally enables † . However it is an interior concern process are achieved in the class of digital webs across the whole organisation or linking legion organisations. There are many definitions of CRM have been explicated and illuminate by different writers in different position. Pancucci ( 2002 ) observes that ‘there are a figure of definitions of CRM, even taking the ordinance into the domain of societal scientific discipline where the psychological science, behavior forms of group of people, and socio-economic position are seen as critical use of purchasing finding ‘ . Some are shown bellow: Gronroos, ( 1999 ) defined â€Å" CRM is a direct branch of the selling Concept: he explained as ; CRM is a committedness to at the same time hike client satisfaction and stockholders value by supplying consistent, seamless, high-quality experiences for valued client † . Christopher, Payne and Ballantyne, ( 1991 ) defined CRM as â€Å" it is the integrating of client service quality and selling, which has as its concern the double focal point of acquiring and maintaining client † . Strauss and Frost, ( 2001 ) defined CRM as â€Å" it is a holistic procedure of identifying, pulling, distinguishing and retaining client † . Grtner Group, ( 1999 ) â€Å" CRM is a subject – a doctrine even – that requires concern to recognize and foster their relationship with clients. With CRM, an single client ‘s demands and penchants are available to anyone in the concern working at the client interface, irrespective of channel. Each client is treated as an person in a relationship that feels like one-to-one † . However, thought behind the CRM is set up single association with clients, pleasuring different clients in a different manner based on the information acquired on their front-runners, first picks, and disbursement designs ; activates a concern executes to place, develop, get, and retain progressively profitable and loyal clients by presenting the exact merchandise or service, to the exact clients at the right clip, through the precise channel, and the right cost in the shop planning and supply concatenation functions through concern process mechanization, engineering solution and information ownerships to do the most every client contact. Advantages of Customer Relationship Management ( CRM ) : Customer relationship direction helps the concern houses which have determined to implement CRM scheme can ease with Numberss of following advantages: Construct up client keeping and trueness: Customer trueness can be defined harmonizing to Mcllroy and Barnet ( 2000 ) as â€Å" client ‘s committedness to make concern with a peculiar administration, buying their goods and services repeatedly, and urging the services and merchandises to friends and associated † . Therefore, the nucleus benefits of the client keeping and trueness are construct up long term relationship and steer finally to hike net incomes and gross revenues, doing mind of belonging, in the sentiment of Uncles ( 1994 ) harmonizing to consumer trueness programmes apprehensiveness is willing to introduce on behalf of clients, a feeling that the seller is acquire ready to listen, is caring and concerned and consideration methods. The consequence we can acknowledge as a keeping and trueness is an of import facet for client relationship direction ; harmonizing to Byrom ( 2001 ) there are more than 150 trueness strategies and about 40 million trueness cards in the UK. For illustration Tesco trueness Club-card, introduce 1995 was to offer as â€Å" benefits to regular shoppers whilst assisting the company discover more about its client demands † ( Tesco, 2004 ) . The accomplishment of Tesco Club-card had been successful and celebrated in the food market universe as Smith, ( 2004 ) harmonizing to Club-card accomplishment evaluation â€Å" a 3rd of UK places use the plan † . Improved Customer acquisition Ratess: Customer acquisition is an parlance used to explicate the tactics and systems to pull off client point of view and enquiry typically allocate to the organisations to recite the effectivity of effect to pick of promotional activities through out the client lifecycle. However, client geting rate helps to the organisations with follow up client relationship direction ( CRM ) chance for cross-selling, repetition buying, up-selling and bring forthing advanced gross growing. For illustration Tesco Personal Finance ( TPF ) reached acquisition rates December 2008 for hard currency consideration of around 950m lb and get 6m Tesco Finance Customer histories with successfully followed by client relationship direction. ( Andrew Higginson, 2008 ) Improve Cross Selling and up-selling: Cross selling refers to selling things that are correlated or can be included with the points being sold. And up merchandising is the techniques of offering clients a merchandise in addendum to the merchandise are soon buying. For illustration if they sell digital Mobile, it makes sense to suggest linked merchandises to their client: more long life battery, screen, charger etc. or if they are up sell to their client they can offer about anything in addendum to the points clients are antecedently paying attending. However, it is encourage to client to come once more in the shop with purchasing purpose to clip, and enhance to doing long term relationship as a portion of client relationship direction activity. Hike the contract or Name centre effectivity: Taylor and Bain ( 1999 ) has been defined call Centre as â€Å" it is a dedicated operation with employees focused wholly on client service maps, employees are utilizing telephone and computing machine at the same time, and where call procedure controlled and processed by an automatic distribution system † . There has been consistent recent enlargement in call Centre inspection and repair world-wide, with the call Centre of the modern-day expected to progress into the client entree Centre of the hereafter, and supplying a new economical footing for assorted organisations. The activity and effectivity of a call Centre are deriving client orientation, service precedence, growing of turnover, and contribute wholly on the client service map. For illustration UK largest Mobile networking company o2 has given responsibly to keep client service activity through assorted call Centres such as: Active Business Communication call Centre, Active Digital call Centre, Aerial call Centre and so on ( www.o2.co.uk [ accessed-16/01/10 ] ) . And they are determined to give first-class clients feedback on-behalf of o2 Mobile web to keep good client relation. However, client relationship direction has being bearing a great advantage for encouragement the contract or name centre effectivity with the enterpriser and standard client service. Deliver a individual, knowing position of the client: A watercourse advantages for a company conveying out by following client relationship direction system are placing and aim the greatest clients and coevals of distinction of excellence directed for the gross revenues force, create direction of gross revenues and marketing campaigns more effective by puting precise ends, established features relationships with the clients with the vision to do the most house ‘s net incomes and advancement client satisfaction, Understanding the desires of employees and continue a sound co-relationship with them. Disadvantages of Customer Relationship Management System ( CRM ) : Not merely CRM system has advantages so far it can be such a restriction as follows: High Software Cost: For the most portion state of affairs insist package support for client relationship direction affair but the cost of such package is normally elevated. For illustration Wendy Close, research manager at Stamford, Conn.-based Garthner Inc. , allocated the cost for most favorite ‘SIEBAEL ‘ CRM package at $ 16000 to $ 25000 per user, a sum that includes package, preparation, services and hardware. However, this cost might non be low-cost where fewer figure of seats and non holding often economic systems of graduated table convey the monetary value down to $ 12000 for each user. ( www.searchcrm.techtarget.com ) [ Accessed-16/01/10 ] Managing Datas: It is non easy to get by with Immigration and Naturalization Services and outs of informations warehousing and informations disfiguration engineerings. It entails a batch of historical informations to scrutiny analysis and analyze the tapping of information energetic out of it. For illustration the article says on respect Tesco Data Swapping with Oil of Olay and raises a large inquiry â€Å" This is traveling to be large, and non merely in fast traveling consumer goods † . Alan Mitchell ( 2002 ) Not Easy to Process: The appraisal of CRM procedure and its operation is non an easy mission. It requires multidimensional public presentation, and multifactor client behavior which are hard to qualify. Even if they are described in some state of affairs largely score card or in metric format, which is frequently hard to rehearse and understand them. A study found that conducted by research and consultative house Gartner ( Zimmer, 2006 ) â€Å" more than half of the organisations who have implemented the CRM have troubles after execution † . Harmonizing Crowbars, C. A ; Stone, M. ( 2004 ) Aberdeen Group CRM Spending and Satisfaction study ( February, 2003 ) identified that on a user ranged among of â€Å" somehow satisfied † and â€Å" satisfied † scope from one ( non satisfied ) and to five ( wholly satisfied ) which are depends on Area/ location. Approachs of past purchasing behavior of consumer might n’t be same in the hereafter excessively! : Majority of CRM move towards with cod informations on the past buying behavior of client and set abouting it as the likely behavior in farther excessively. This could be an immoral guess in a figure of positions. Customer constrains maintain on switching and varies upon the criticalness of the intent and the degree of letdown with the bing options. For illustration, an article study says Tesco broadband dissatisfaction rate due to hapless client service and experience 2009 churn rates of around 20 % per annum. However the 20 % are used to regular client of Tesco. ( www.phone-shop.tesco.com/latest-news ) [ Accessed-17/01/10 ] Decision: However in the terminal of the study it is explicable that, In malice of that, the client relationship direction has become a maximal precedence for legion of companies. Bohling et Al. ( 2006 ) remarks on diary of CRM execution as ; â€Å" in many competitory markets, concern invest well in CRM execution recently though, companies have become progressively displeased with client relationship direction apply, as the bulk of them are falling short of the outlooks that precede them and are hence considered failures † . Conversely, though it has being first prioritized for many companies but non all companies are being success based on comparison to advantage and disadvantages of client relationship direction in digital houses. Kumar and Shah ( 2008 ) argued that â€Å" CRM offers house strategic benefits, such as greater client satisfaction, and trueness † . Anders ( 1996 ) remarks as â€Å" it is a higher response cross-selling attempts and better word-of-mouth promotion † . However, though some disadvantages and statement has been placed but it is should be remind that CRM assists a company dressed ore on the client as an assets side by side consumers are non forced to by necessity in the same organisation. Many companies waste a batch of money obtain new clients and waste it by neglecting to get to cognize and grok their client, retain and maintain in grip with them. Therefore, Company should setup CRM system based on allow to clients to manage their relationship with multiple providers instead than the other manner embracing. Bibliography: L. Ryals, and A. Payne, ( 2001 ) ‘Customer relationship direction in fiscal services: towards information enabled relationship selling, diary of strategic selling, vol.9, pp. 4-27. Anderson, Eugene W. ( 1996 ) â€Å" client satisfaction and monetary value tolerance, † selling letters, vol.7. ( July ) , pp.265-74 Kumar, V. ( 2008 ) , ‘managing client for net income ‘ . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing. -and Denish Shah ( 2004 ) , â€Å" edifice and prolonging profitable client trueness for the twenty-first Century, † Journal of Retailing, 80 ( 4 ) , pp.317-30 T.Bohling, D.Bowman, S.Lvalle, V.Mittal, G. Ramani et Al. ( 2006 ) , CRM execution: Effective issues and penetrations, Journal of Service Research 9 ( 2 ) , pp.184-194. Performance of Customer Relationship Management with Diagram hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kssi.ae.wroc.pl/~mowoc/Dydaktyka/MIS/Lect5.pdf [ Accessed- 09/01/10 ] Strauss, J. A ; Frost, R. ( 2001 ) , E-marketing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Gronroose, C. ( 1999 ) . Relationship selling: Challenges for the organisation. Journal of Business Research, vol.46, pp.327-355. Gartner Group, ( 1999 ) , specifying CRM: available at: C. Pries A ; M. Stone ( 2004 ) ‘Managing CRM execution with consultants- CRM or alter direction? , diary of alteration direction, vol.4, No.4, ( December ) , pp.352-370 Christopher, M. Payne, A. and Ballantyne, D. ( 1991 ) ‘Relationship Marketing- delivery quality, Customer Service, and selling together, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. , Oxford. Keneth C. Laudon and Jane P. Laudon ( 2007 ) pull offing the digital house, 9th edi. Upper saddle river, NJ: Prentice Hall. Finnegan, D A ; Willcocks, L ( 2007 ) Implementing CRM: from engineering to knowledge, jhon willy and boies LTD. Wet Sussex, England. Mcllroy, A. , Barnett, S. ( 2000 ) , â€Å" edifice client relationships: do dismiss card plants? † pull offing the service quality, Vol. 10 no. 6. Pp.347-55 Uncles, M. ( 1994 ) â€Å" Do you or your client need a trueness strategy? â€Å" , diary of Targeting, measuring and analysis for selling, vol. 2 no.4, pp.335-50 Byrom, J. ( 2001 ) â€Å" the function of trueness card informations within local selling enterprises † , international diary of Retiling A ; Distribution Management, vol. 29 No. 7.pp.333-42 Tesco, ( 2004 ) , â€Å" Corporate information † , p. 1-3 available at: www.tescocorporate.com [ accessed-17/01/2010 ] Smith, J. ( 2004 ) , â€Å" Every small aid † , The Ecologist, vol. 34 No.7, pp.1-9 Higginson, A ( 2008 ) , â€Å" can Tosco truly offer the same value as my bank † , p.1-4 available at: www.tescoplc.com/annualreport09/storage/pdf/retailing_services.pdf [ accessed- 17/01/10 ] O2 Centre of first-class partner- hypertext transfer protocol: //www.o2.co.uk/sme/whyo2/o2partners/excellence-centre [ accessed-16/01/10 ] Taylor, P. and Bain, P. ( 1999 ) , â€Å" An assembly line in the caput ‘ : work and employee dealingss in the call Centre † , â€Å" Industrial Relations Journal, vol. 30 No. 2, pp. 101-17 Cost of Siebel CRM package: hypertext transfer protocol: //searchcrm.techtarget.com/tip/Siebel-CRM-software-costs [ accessed- 16/01/10 ] Alan Mitchell ( 2002 ) , ‘Can company affords to portion CRM strategies? † p.1-1 available at www.marketlocation.com [ accessed-14/01/10 ] Zimmer, J. ( 2006 ) , â€Å" Be ready to take the heat † , Destination CRM, Viewpoint available at: www.destinationcrm.com [ accessed-14/01/10 ] Tesco Telecom, overseas telegram A ; warless: ( November, 2009 ) , available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //phone-shop.tesco.com/latest-news/Tesco % 20Telecoms % 20CW % 20release % 20FINAL.pdf [ accessed: 17/01/10 ] Crowbars, C. A ; Stone, M. ( 2004 ) , â€Å" Pull offing CRM execution with consultants- CRM or alter direction † job with CRM execution, â€Å" diary of alteration direction † vol. 4. No.4, pp.350-370. How to cite Customer Relationship Management Systems Education Essay, Essay examples

Sports Marketing Event Promotions of Teams

Question: Critically analyse and appraise the nature and scope of sports marketing. Critically evaluate the process by which marketing activities are developed giving examples in sport where appropriate i.e. social media, TV/broadcasting, sponsorship et. Discuss marketing problems and issues for sports organisations, giving example. Answer: Introduction One of the essential subdivision of marketing is the sports marketing focused on the event promotions of teams and sports. Other than sports events, here are various events and products which are marketed and promoted through sports marketing. Many aspects of other business and products could be promoted physically and also can get its brand value. The main aim of this marketing is to promote the team and sport or the client and tell them the promotional strategies for their sports products or teams. This sports marketing is another way of meeting the consumer's needs and their desires in a different way which is exchanging process. Sports marketing is focused and based on four Ps which are a place, products, price, and promotions. Apart from that other Ps are also included in the strategy of sports marketing to improve its marketing process and product qualities. Other Ps are; positioning, packaging, perception, and planning. These other four Ps are called as sports marketing mix. T his sports marketing mix is one of the essential devices to promote the sports and teams that includes other sports sectors and industries which consists of social platforms, advertising, broadcasting, and ticket selling, a relation of the community and social media. There are three sectors of this sports marketing. The sectors are segregated as advertising of the sports events and association, sporting events and its use, sports team, and the last one is, promoting the sport to the public for increasing the attendance and participation. The 1st aspect of this sports marketing is promotion which relates to the sports, second includes the product promotions, and lastly making strategy, however, entailing the sports and the strategy is called as the marketing of sport. Critically analysis and appraisal of the mature and scope of sport marketing Sports marketing is an important marketing process by which the sport is entailed, and this process involves an investment associated with monetary resources and another resource which will support the cricket team. By this sports marketing the sponsoring company gets their visibility in the sports industry and also gain their reputation very easily (Gasovic, 2011). One of the great phenomena in the sports sector is the cricket sport. This sport has got its hype in social community and has reached many countries very quickly. Cricket can attract many fans and can evaluate their interest towards the game and can gain loyalty in the community of cricket fans (Gasovic, 2011). This game can also build the emotion or the pampering among the fans in the different community. According to the England sports survey, it is noticed that his game has created its impact very much and also substantially grown by a huge number. In the span of 2011 to 2012, the survey has proved that the game has attracted more than fifty million fans and gain participation of them at least once in a week in an average. It is also noticed that more than half million fans have increased their participation in this game from 2010 when the number was 14.7 million (Boyle, 2008). Apart from influencing the community the cricket has a great cost on the social and economy of any count ry which gives a great increase of economic growth. There are various companies and sports which are trying to get over the cricket in the sports sector (Boyle, 2008). It is noticeable that the game is a phenomenon and no other games can influence more the fans. In this way, the sponsors are investing more in the game cricket and investing their money in it. Most of the companies are capitalized in this game and finding long-term success of their investments. It is proved that investing more in the cricket is making them profitable (Symposium: Sports Management for Earthquake Disaster, 2012). Most interesting aspect of the game is that the cricket has increased and developed in the sports industry within a few years like 5 to 6 years (Symposium: Sports Management for Earthquake Disaster, 2012). It has imposed more with its different formats which make fans happy. In the business aspect, cricket has its different aspects for business as it has increased its formats. According to researchers, it is visible that the cricket has influenced the sports marketing and it is as developed as investors are interested in document in this game. Thus, marketing consists all the activities which are delivered to meet the needs and the desires of cricket fans through different exchange processes (Knight, 2013). Many companies and individuals are defining and willing to explain the marketing of cricket in different ways, rather than imposing on the roles and carrying the advertising the public relations or the relation of a community (Knight, 2013). Evaluation of the process by, which marketing activities are develop The sports marketing includes the methodology of the arranging and the utilization off each one of the activities for the era, the progression, esteeming and the course of the diversion thing to satisfying of the necessities and the desires of the customers and finish the affiliation targets. It includes Moreover the utilization of the thoughts of publicizing to the consequences of diversion and the organizations (Bureau of Reclamation, 2001). Moreover, it also includes the business division of the things that are non-sport through yet are identified with the amusement. In this way, it can be stipulated it has two viewpoints the utilization of the general practices of elevating to the things that are related to the amusement and the promoting of other client and the business wanders things and organizations. An instance of advancing through the diversion is sponsorship of the amusement by affiliation. A segment of the affiliation uses the cricket amusement to propel their things (Ferrand and Stotlar, 2010). This is wanted to perceive a particular demographic markets that are known not a particular diversion. Cricket since it is important to the TV time, it pulls in various associations that attempt to progress of their things, as they should be associated with the amusement. Moreover, there can be a change of the allowing programs that are away to promote through the diversion. Through like this, the cricket promoter can dismember and see the business circumstances, the determination of the effects and settle on appropriate decisions to an update of the accomplishment of the diversion to the business. The associated is the method in which the publicizing system are made (Gasovic, 2011). On the essential method is to perceive of the publicizing open entryways. At this point, there is a ne ed to pass on a SWOT examination. This includes the circumstances of the diversion relationship in which the course of action is delivered. Subsequently choosing the qualities and the weakness are essential section. On the same, it moreover basic to separate the relationship as for the mission, the destinations, and the targets. There is a need to take a gander at available research and choosing of the publicizing mission and goals (Marketing, 2005). This can be expert through the web organizing push to know the reaction of the clients and to sees regarding the things. The second stage is through determination of the procedure. On this perspective, it fuses the going with a point, determination of the advancing strategy, the determination of the best possible procedures and execution for benchmarks, and the showcasing mix as for expense and thing. The advancing mix ought to be conceivable in various perspective like through business delineation publicizing, sponsorship and web organ izing (Moutinho and Chien, 2008). In this way, that people can know a more prominent measure of the cricket beguilement. The last stage is the execution, the appraisal, and the modification. On this point of view, it can be expert in the execution and the coordination of the publicizing and the organization mix and the control the components of showcasing by getting feedback from the customer in the internet organizing and survey fittingly (Mullin, Hardy, and Sutton, 2000). Marketing problems and issues for sport organization The sports marketing requires to get a handle on the web organizing in their part of the utilization period of the method strategy. The troubles rise when the affiliation need to develop the benefits of the long range interpersonal communication. These are a test especially if the affiliation does deficient asset to execute the system. A case is the time when an affiliation impacts the web organizing like Facebook or the You Tube. Another issue in showcasing for the affiliation is securing enough spending arrangement. Most of the advancing affiliation go up against the piece of secure of advantages for the activities of showcasing of the cricket sport (Shilbury, Quick, and Westerbeek, 2003). With the finished objective people ought to know of the brand there is need a significant measure of business through the distinctive medium like the internet systems administration, of which obliges advantages for a plug. Another edge can't perceive the right development for their prerequisites the affiliation. The contribution for the development choice may be scattered, and these associations end up directing their partners or schools to figure the advancement that best fit them. These people may not acceptable information or ability to give the right need, which may impact the affiliation (Smith, 2008). Conclusion Sport publicizing focus on the progression of the distinctive diversions and gathering events, and may include tending to each one of the necessities and requirements of the customers. Various people of the world have continually revered cricket, as it joins various individuals paying little heed to the race, religion or ethnicity. In this paper, it has explored on showcasing of this redirection. Moreover, it has in like manner researched on the examination and the assessment of the method for this amusement; a further underline was on the system of the change of the publicizing works out. Regardless, there are distinctive challenges that impact the promoting of the wearing relationship of which they have been highlighted. References Boyle, P. (2008). Does occupational success influence longevity among England test cricketers?.British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(11), pp.851-855. Bureau of Reclamation. (2001). [Washington, D.C.]: The Office. Ferrand, A. and Stotlar, D. (2010). Introduction: New perspectives in sport event marketing.IJSMM, 7(3/4), p.145. Gasovic, M. (2011). Integrated marketing communications in sport organizations.Marketing, 42(3), pp.171-179. Gasovic, M. (2011). Integrated marketing communications in sport organizations.Marketing, 42(3), pp.171-179. Knight, J. (2013).Cricket For Dummies. New York: Wiley. Marketing. (2005). Bradford: Emerald Group Pub. Moutinho, L. and Chien, C. (2008).Problems in marketing. Los Angeles: Sage Publications. Mullin, B., Hardy, S. and Sutton, W. (2000).Sport marketing. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Shilbury, D., Quick, S. and Westerbeek, H. (2003).Strategic sport marketing. Crows Nest., N.S.W.: Allen Unwin. Smith, A. (2008).Introduction to sport marketing. Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Symposium : Sports Management for Earthquake Disaster. (2012).Journal of Japan Society of Sports Industry, 22(1), pp.155-177.

Why Prejudice Exists free essay sample

According to the famous Harvard psychologist, Gordon Allport, â€Å"Prejudice is an antipathy based on faulty and inflexible generalization. It may be felt or expressed. It may be directed toward a group of people or an individual of that group† (http://www. dictionary. com). Today, most people use the word prejudice to refer to a negative or intimidating attitude toward another social group, usually racially defined. Whether we want to believe it or not, prejudice exists in all countries and all cultures. Of course prejudice exists. It exists in races, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. It also exists in many other things whether we want to believe it or not. Many Americans refuse to admit that they are prejudiced, but studies have shown that many people still are. In the article, Whitton (1993) states, â€Å"there is more to prejudice than stereotypes. Specifically, prejudice seems to have three distinct roots: stereotypical beliefs, emotions and symbolic beliefs or perceived value differences† (p. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Prejudice Exists or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1). As he talks to Professor Zanna throughout the article, Whitton finds that psychologists considered stereotyping to be the main reason for prejudice. Therefore, people think outgroups have to find ways of dealing with the awareness that the members of outgroups violate customs and traditions in such a way as to threaten the future. Many people have something that sets them apart from the norm. All of these people have feelings and deserve to feel accepted for who they are. Everyone has something to offer, even if its something unexpected, like a new idea or a new way of looking at something. The more we learn about others, the more likely we are to realize that the myths and stereotypes we hear are unfair or incorrect. Unfortunately, prejudice still exists today and although it is hard to change the views of the older generations, Whitton believes that there are ways to stop prejudice by using ways to change today’s generation so they can teach the future. Because racial prejudice is based on fear, we need to act as though racial differences do not exist, and racial differences will cease being a part of our environment, because in reality, racial differences do not exist.

Steps to a Better Life essays

Steps to a Better Life essays The decision to quit smoking is one decision a person will never regret! Smoking causes around 419,000 deaths each year, just in the United States. Quitting smoking cuts the risk of lung cancer, many other cancers, heart disease, stroke, other lung diseases, and other respiratory illnesses. Quitting smoking, while pregnant, also increases the chances of survival for the unborn child. Quitting helps a person live a higher quality of life. Depending on how a person chooses to quit smoking, it can be done in under a month, cold turkey or not. Smoking harms and influences not just the smoker, but family members, coworkers and others who breathe in the cigarette smoke, which is called secondhand smoke. Beginning with infants and going up to 18 months of age, secondhand smoke is associated with as many as 300,000 cases of bronchitis and pneumonia each year. Second hand smoke from a parent's cigarette expands a child's chances for middle ear problems, causes coughing and wheezing, and worsens asthma conditions. If both parents smoke, a teenager is more than twice as likely to smoke than a young person whose parents are nonsmokers. In households where only one parent smokes, young people are also more likely to start smoking. Smoking during pregnancy can cause serious health problems to an unborn child. Smoking during pregnancy accounts for an estimated 20 - 30% of low birth weight babies, up to 14% of pre-term deliveries and 10% of all infant deaths! If all women quit smoking during pregnancy, about 4,000 new babies would live each year. Pregnant women who smoke or are exposed to second hand smoke pass three carcinogens to their fetuses: Benzo (a) pyrene which causes lung and skin cancer; (b) p-aminobiphenyl, which causes bladder cancer; and (c) acrylonitrile, which causes liver cancer. Levels of the chemicals were 4-5 times higher in passive smokers' babies and 10-12 times higher in the active smokers ...

Food Supply Chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Food Supply Chain - Essay Example This study is about a detail analysis of each process of the food supply chain and has highlighted the possible hazards involved in the process and also provided possible solutions to assess the problems. Table of Contents Introduction 4 Operations 4 Key processes 6 Problem findings 8 Recommendation 8 Reference 10 Introduction The global food industry relies on the web of intercompany relationship. There is an interaction among the individuals and the institutions involved in the food industry. These are vendors, food packaging providers, co-manufacturers, re-packers, brokers and other suppliers. To become an efficient supplier of a food processing company, an individual or a business needs a substantial amount of investment due to develop the quality maintenance process of food ingredients. By the effective action plans, the prevention of production as well as distribution of contaminated foods can be done which is the key value of supply chain in food industry. To ensure safe production and the distribution of the food product, the companies in the food industry need to engage efficient suppliers who can provide quality ingredients, packaging materials through efficient distribution process and medium that compliment food companies’ key goals. ... Quality retention and hygienic factor of foods are maintained in each stage from sourcing of food ingredients to on time delivery to the individual customers (Maurer, 2003). Few important terms are very popular in the area of the food supply chain like â€Å"farm to fork† and sometimes â€Å"paddock to plate†. These terms are used to mention the length of supply chain process and the two end participants of supply chains are the producer of food ingredients and the final consumers. In-between them there are many people involved in this process. The growers of food ingredients i.e. basically the farmers are responsible for efficient cultivation and production of different crops which is influenced by few more things like the quality of seeds, climate, soil and fertilizers to boost the production level. These cultivated food products are consumed by food production companies as the ingredients for process food products and also directly consumed by individuals in the form of fresh fruit and vegetables. There are suppliers who take the cultivated crops from the growers and supply those to the manufacturers or the producers of processed foods. The quality of the ingredients depends on the storage and the distribution process of the suppliers. This process has not much effect on the quality of the processed food produced by the food production companies as they take shorted foods only from the suppliers (GMA, 2008, p.8). Some producers take damage ingredients from the suppliers in low price in order to reduce the cost of production of processed foods so that they can sale the final product in low prices and can compete in price even with the big companies who believe in the quality sources of ingredients and

Discuss the extent to which rape is central to heroic mythical Research Paper

Discuss the extent to which rape is central to heroic mythical narratives of the Greeks and Romans. What is the effect of associ - Research Paper Example Narratives based on the theme of love often depicted rapes of mortal women by male gods. Such interactions led to the conception and subsequent birth of heroic offspring. When analyzing rape in heroic narratives from its references in art, it is seen that rape was used to develop and project social normality or otherwise. Moorti observes that rape is a central theme in Greek mythology (203). The degree of importance given to rape shows the elements of patriarchy and male supremacy as well as the normality of violent acts with women. The narratives that have been written after 5 BC show that rape was increasingly used as a means of blurring and comfortably transgressing the boundaries between the divine and the mortals. It was also used as a way of expressing identity and personal limits. It served a heuristic purpose, trying to provide solutions for questions relating to existence, religion and politics. Moorti contends that the metaphorical use of rape for taking into consideration major issues should not be regarded as an atavistic practice or linked to a recurrence due to genetics (203). On the contrary, its use shows how legal and illegal issues related to sexuality are addressed. The liberal use of rape in Greek and Roman mythology raises questions regarding the intention behind it. It is observed that one of the reasons why rape was used commonly was that it depicted power and rank. The tales of narratives were in fact representations of the lifestyle and ways of living of the Greeks and the Romans. The social and cultural norms of the civilizations were such that men had the authority to rape women to punish them or simply to assert their control and authority over them. Rape was also carried out by gods for the same reasons. Gods used rape as a tool for asserting the connections and importance of familial relations between them. Despite the fact that the Romans and the Greeks were cultured people, rape was inflicted by men on women on a common scale and the same element was portrayed in heroic narratives. When studying Greek mythology, one can conclude that most of them are largely patriarchal and served to facilitate the image and position of the males in the society (Harris and Platzner 850). By showing that gods also raped, the males were able to justify their actions and prove that they cannot be wrong if they were carried out by gods too (Xanders). Rape in heroic narratives did not have any stigma or negative consequences associated with it. A similar claim is asserted by Smith (12). Smith is of the point of view that drinking and sexual abuse were rampant in the ancient times. Men used to carry out such acts without any remorse or fear because they were characteristic of religious elements and did not embody the disgrace of any misconduct. One such behavioral analogy representing alcohol-induced rape in Greek mythology can be found in the conduct and character of Satyr. Satyr was a forest being which was related to the god o f wine, Dionysus. Satyr indulged itself in excessive wine consumption and rapes of women (Smith 12). Other instances of rape in Greek mythology are seen in Helen’s kidnapping from Sparta, the rape of Alcippe and the rape of Protogeneia by Zeus to name a few (Simon 4). Woodard is of the perspective that when looking at the study of causes, there is an apparent pattern of seeing the human status as that of a victim (366). This is manifested in the supremacy of the gods over the mortals. The early narratives of

Consumer Attitudes: Online Shoe Shopping

Consumer Attitudes: Online Shoe Shopping Segmentation is to identify homogeneous groups or customer segments in the market place that will respond in a consistent, predictable way to variations in the marketing mix (Reynolds, 2006). Previous market segmentation research studies indicate that market segmentation benefits firms in various ways. It directly influences the consumer decision-making process (Haley, 1968). Also, it generates new market segments and creates new business opportunities, which enables companies to overcome developing barriers and to achieve competitive differentiation. IKEA, Gillette and Microsoft are all successful examples. (Bowonder, 2010) The product that people choose to use or wear exactly reflects their life taste and social identity (Solomon and Barmossy, 2006). Belk (2003) think that the shoes consuming are crucial for both men and women which are not only a way of self presentation but also inseparable parts of our extended selves. Shoes are the mirror of our souls. Furthermore, people assume others from their footwear. They would rather bear the tortures from a pair of uncomfortable but stylish shoes than wear an average one, because they believe that shoes have the magic for their self achievement. 4.11 Consumer Attitudes towards Shoes Women are known to be much crazier on shoes than men. A research in America in 2000 showed that women aging from 16 to 74 owned more than twice pairs of shoes as men did on average. And lots of women owned over 50 pairs of footwear while none of the male respondents owned more than 30 pairs. However, men spent almost 25 dollars more on their most expensive shoes than women (Belk, 2003). Another survey of working women recently conducted by Mintel revealed why women are so keen on shoes. Forty-four percent of those who aged 18-34 said they needed two pairs of shoes for work, one for commute and the other one for wearing in the office. And almost two-thirds of participants said shoes helped them to achieve a fashionable working look (Dolliver, 2010). But the report in Minter about footwear retailing in 2008 demonstrated that Younger consumers are looking for better but affordable quality while the older care more about comfort and durability. The younger, especially men, are much more willing to buy shoes online. Once experiencing successful online shoes shopping, they are more likely to repeat purchase. In 2008, only 5 per cent adults aged over 15 buy shoes online, in which those who aged 15-24 and 35-44 more frequently buy shoes on the Internet (Mintel, 2008). 4.2 Competitor Benchmark Learning from the Icons in the same industry can help company quickly improve in an economically way. The most successful example online for shoes selling is Zappos.com from the USA. Although Chinese culture and economical environment are completely different from the USA, there is no border for business. Zappos business mode and managerial experience could be a good model for EA. Zappos online shoes selling business is in common with EAs e-commerce plan. It built up the brand online and reached $1 billion annual sales after 10 years effort (Zappos.com, 2009). There are more than 500 brands and 90,000 styles of shoes on Zappos.com with the price ranged from $20 to $2,000 to meet the needs of different consumer groups. Delivering high-quality online service and building up brand credibility by favourable WOM are the two key successful necessities to Zappos (BRAND WEEK, 2008). The store experience and the product try-on experience are the two highlights of physical shoes stores that online shoes shopping can hardly compare at present. However, the customer service, entertainment marketing as well as no sale area limitation are the benefits that most physical stores can never reach. Craig Adkins, Executive Vice President of Zappos, said that they dont compete with other online trade companies but compete with physical stores. The only reason that they have grown so quickly and won the game in the fierce competition is to offer the best customer service, product option and delivery speed possible (Zmzsk.com 2009). The interactive sections such as videos and blogs also provide more diversified customer experience and achieve the breakthrough of customer value. Namely, customer service, product variety, delivery and interactivity could be the four key points for EAs e-commerce. 4.3 Market Data Research There is barely any research about the shoes market or online market specifically focusing on the places EA plans to target (Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdong province). However, we could have a general understanding about the Chinese online shoes market as a whole from the small amount of literature. With the popularity of online business, a lot export trade companies have been stepping into the home market through the internet. Certain famous shoes companies also start to change their companies from traditional bricks and mortar to bricks and clicks, even majority click level. Needless to say, EA will meet the competitors threats when it starts the approach into the new market. China is the largest footwear manufacturing base as well as the largest footwear consuming market around the world. The sales volume of Chinese shoes market is huge and steadily growing by years due to the large population and the annual improvement of disposable income. Those who live in the big cities such as Beijing and Shanghai as well as the coastal cities in Chinas southeast have the greatest purchasing power. According to The 2009 China Leather Shoes Market Situation Analysis and Forecast Report from Beijing Heading Century Consulting Co. Ltd, 85% of the total shoes consumption in China is low-to-middle-level products whereas most high-end shoes are imported from abroad (Sewworld.com 2009). There is a gap of the high-end domestic footwear market for EA to fill. Suffering from the economic recession, export trade shoes companies all consider stepping into the domestic market which contains numerous consumers and large consuming potential. But lots of them failed. The main barriers for those companies to open the home market are enormous variations of the outdated product style, lack of distribution channels, unfamiliarity with the market and huge costs of human and financial resources. Still, a great deal of export trade companies plan to have a finger in the pie despite of the difficulties (Cnxz.cn 2009). That means a chance for EA to survive in the dog-eat-dog world as long as the company finds the right way. On the other hand, department stores and speciality shops are the main distribution channels of leather shoes, according to The 2009 China Leather Shoes Consuming Market Research from Beijing Heading Century Consulting Co. Ltd, with 51.5% and 40.1%. Certain famous Chinese shoes brands, for instance, Belle, Aokang and Daphne, have occupied the majority of the domestic market and there is little market share left for those not that well-know SMEs (Sewworld.com 2009). The competition among physical stores is extremely fierce. Therefore, the SMEs start to explore a new distribution channel by opening the online market. In fact, several shoes brands which have physical stores have opened the online market. Not only the SMEs, but also large and famous companies either have built an online shopping website or have set up a virtual store with B2C websites. According to the China B2B Research Centre, there are more than 100 million internet consumers in China in 2009, and the number of the SMEs with e-commerce has dramatically increased to more than seven million in the past six years. Nevertheless, online sales in the footwear industry are basically at the initial stage except for a few industry leading companies which have entered the Internet shoes market early and systematically operated it in a large scale (Zmzsk.com 2009). EA could seize the right moment to open up a new world. 4.4 Online Consuming Analysis More and more people have joined the dramatically growing group shopping online, but still lots of people hold a conservative attitude towards online transaction. Risk perception about offering personal information, online payment and product quality etc. prevents consumers from further purchase behaviour. How can we encourage people to be willing to take risk (Schoormanà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2007)? How can we convert web visitors to buyers? Considerable previous studies proved that online trust building is the biggest issue facing e-marketing managers. Trust to a large extent determines the success of the relationship between buyer and seller and it is rather significant in the changeable e-business environment (Morgan and Hunt, 1994; Pavlou, 2003; Wang and Emurian, 2005). Establishing trust between shopper and sellers can reduce consumers uncertainty and rick perception. Furthermore, it has a positive impact on e-shoppers purchasing behaviour (Lim et al., 2010). There are manifold studies contributed to the definitions about trust. Deutsch (1962) thought that trust is an actions that increase ones vulnerability to another; Moorman (1992, p315) defined that Trust is the willingness to rely on an exchange partner in whom one has confidence; Sitkin and Roth (1993, p373) referred that trust is a belief in a persons competence to perform a specific task under specific circumstance. Whereas, Koufari and Sosa (2003) developed the concept of initial trust. In their opinion, trust can be built at the first time when people interact with the company, which directly influence the following consumer behaviour. Well-designed website and the good name of company can help visitors to form a positive attitude and against the risk of switching to competitors websites. Pleasant experience can gain a lot of new customers even at the first time. We agree that the first impression is very important, it may determine whether the future communication will continue or not. However, we believe that the temporary positive feelings aroused from the website are not equal to trust. Customers real faith towards the website requires companies to take continuous effort and to develop a good relationship with online consumers over time, such as offering an ongoing enjoyable interactive communication with customers. Furthermore, establishing and maintaining the trustful relationship can eventually affect the customers purchase intention (Bhattacherjee, 2002; Lee et al., 2001; Lim, 2001; Hoffman and Novak, 1996). Purchasing online involves risk, especially when a person lack experience with the online firm (Schlosser et al., 2006). In the particular case of EA, which just starts its approach to the domestic market, few people are aware of the company (reputation and size) and its products (brand and quality). Therefore, the progress of convincing consumers is fairly necessary and critical for EA, which means ongoing trust building is essential for EA to gradually convince its customers and maintain a good customer relationship. Thus, the present research is focused on investigating the importance and determinants of ongoing trust building. Numerous researchers have studied the importance of online trust building as well as the factors that influence the construction of trust in the virtual environment. For instance, Bhattacherjee (2002) claimed three key dimensions about the e-commerce trust: trustees ability, benevolence, and integrity. In his journal, he defines trustees ability as the trustors (website visitors) perception of trustees (online company) competencies and knowledge salient to the expected behaviour. For an online business, its website should clearly and successfully present the companys capabilities and professional skills (e.g. EAs expertise technology in making leather shoes) to increase the e-customers confidence via, for example, offering the list of the powerful partners, presenting detailed product or service information, designing an both attractive and functional (easy to understand/use/response) website. (Bhattacherjee, 2002) Benevolence here is referred to the faith in an online business that the company is willing to do more/extra service for the customers without profit consideration. The service or behaviour the online companies take can increase peoples confidence and sense of security. Its not possible for every company to offer extra service considering the additional cost. However, directed by the benevolent rules, online business firms should at least be completely aware that they need to respect their online consumers, fully understand their specific requirements, and work effectively and continuously on reducing web visitors uncertainties and worries. (Bhattacherjee, 2002) Integrity, in the e-shopping context, means customers confidence to the firms that their online commercial activities are directed under a set of moral principles or professional standards (Schlosser et al., 2006). In the practical virtual environment, the firms which conduct the integrity rules should attach great importance to the process of online transaction and relative service, the usage of consumers private data. These rules are practically linked with the realisation of company fulfilment, such as timely delivering, accurate record, reliable payment system and so on. (Bhattacherjee, 2002) In sum, indicated as the measurement of online trust building in many researches, trustees ability, benevolence, and integrity are associated with website design such as product presentation, attractiveness and usability, service quality, say delivery and payment system, and credibility (Bhattacherjee, 2002; Doney and Cannon, 1997). In other words, website design, credibility and service quality could contribute to purchase intention through ongoing trust building, and in the next section, a conceptual framework is built to testify it. 4.5 Conceptual Framework According to the studies on consumers relationship with companies (Bhattacharya and Sen, 2003), trust and online purchase intention (Schlosser et al., 2006), the key determinants of online satisfaction and the impact on the following behaviour (Zeng et al., 2009), the role of trust in online business (Lim et al., 2008) and online product presentations influence on peoples purchase intention (Park et al., 2005), we develop a conceptual framework about the key determinants that impact ongoing trust building, combining the practical situation of EA with previous studies on online shoes consuming characteristics. This study divides the contributors to ongoing trust building into three categories: (1) website design, (2) credibility and (3) service quality. The Research Model is presented below (Figure 1). It is predicted that website design, credibility and online service quality will affect consumers intention to purchase indirectly through ongoing trust building. Whats more, the study will discover whether the three contributors share equal weight of influence on purchase intention. In a word, we argue that if online consumers perceive high-level web design, high credibility and high-quality service, then they are more likely to trust in the online service provider, which in turn contributes to intention to purchase. The results will be able to offer the directions and guidelines for EA or future shoes business to improve their online marketing performance. Figure 1: Research Model 4.51 Ongoing Trust Building Crosby et al. (1990) defined trust as a conviction when the customer develops a tacit understanding with a seller, and a seller can be relied upon to behave in such a manner that the long-term interest of the customer will be served. Pavlou (2003) indicated that trust in e-commerce is the belief that allows consumers to willingly become vulnerable to web retailers after having taken the retailers characteristics into consideration. In the virtual world, customers cant access enough information about the company to build the trust, which makes it more difficult to achieve trust at the beginning of a relationship than in the physical world (Wirtz and Lihotzky, 2003). Therefore, on the basis of the previous literature review, we define ongoing trust building as the continuous efforts that create and maintain a consumers confidence in an online service providers ability, benevolence, and integrity in order to achieve a lasting buyer-seller relationship (Liang and Chen, 2009; Bhattacherje e, 2002). Several researches have studied trust in e-business. There are different points of view about the taxonomy of trust. For instance, Kim et al. (2005) thought trust impacts buyers purchase intention in four dimensions: trust in technology, trust in product, trust in institution and trust in information. Plank et al. (1999) categorized trust into three types: trust in product, trust in company and trust in salesperson and developed various sales strategies for each. Moreover, Lim et al. (2008) proposed three key trust variables specific to online automobile insurance business which are service trust, company trust and product trust. And this viewpoint was proved by Lim et al. (2010). In our opinion, services, products and company reputation are more paramount to EA as a high-end online shoes selling SME and require more trust from consumers. Thus, we argue that service trust, company trust and product trust could be the key variables to high-end online shoes selling business and EAs ong oing trust building should base on the three dimensions. For an online business, its website is the primary channel for contact and communication with its customers and it shapes the cognitive perception of the customer. That is why e-commerce companies are constantly looking for ways to improve their websites to make the interaction between the website and the customer more inviting, convenient, and ultimately conductive to purchasing their products and services. (Lim et al., 2010) As we mentioned in the previous literature review, consumer perception to the website has an indirect effect on purchase intention via ongoing trust building. Namely, consumers perceptions towards website design, credibility and service quality of an online service provider are positively associated with its ongoing trust building and ultimately influence consumers intention to purchase. 4.52 Website Design As the traditional shopping channel is gradually replaced by the internet, e-retailers have to rely to a great degree on the website interface, which is not only a critical medium to publicise itself and improve its reputation, but also a necessary channel to sell products and services as well as interact with web shoppers to win e-consumers trust (Rayport and Jaworski, 2001; Bellizzi, 2000; Hoque and Lohse, 1999; Jarvenpaa and Todd, 1996/1997; cited in Song and Zahedi, 2005). Features, component, information are three key components of website design (Song and Zahedi, 2005). A well-designed website can skilfully apply the three elements and attractively present valuable content in a clear-structured format with certain creative feature (Ahn et al. 2004; Konradt et al 2003), by which can increase web visitors interest and prolong their browsing time. The longer visitors stick to one particular website, the easier they are likely to form a positive attitude towards it, which could con tribute to a trustful relationship (Mccloskey, 2003-2004). New information technology is welcomed only when its useful and easy to use (Davis et al., 1989). Taylor and Todd (1995) also clarified that compatibility impacts peoples acceptance of technology. When people are searching or shopping online, the websites learnability, efficiency, memorability, infrequency of errors, and other key features of web design (Nielsen, 2000), such as the ease of use of the website, the quality of information, or the effectiveness of online transaction, are very significant. They dominate consumers following behaviours: to stick to the website or switch to another one, to view more information or actively communicate with the company via internet (Zeng et al., 2009; Koh and Kim, 2004; cited in Lin, 2007). In addition, attractive outlook or atmospheric stimuli in the offline shopping environment may increase consumers purchasing possibilities (Weinberg and Gottward, 1982; Weinberg and Gottward, 1994; cited in Wang et al., 2009). Similarly, well-designed website and skilfully application of the information technology can appeal web-visitors to stick longer to the website and have interactive communication with its staff (Heijden, 2003). And it was valued as the reason for satisfaction and subsequent trust (Martà ­n and Camarero, 2007). As Anderson (1980) referred that it is very important to catch peoples eyeballs at the first time, the visual appeals would possible influence the subjective judgment about the websites performance (Jennigns, 2000; Tractinsky et al., 2000). Approving this theory, Lindgaard and Fernandes (2006) also emphasised that a reliable decision can be made in 50 minutes. When consumers visit one website at the first time and the impression formed in the first 50 mi nutes could influence the consequent decisions. On the other hand, for apparel shopping, consumers are quite concern about the material, the fit, the colour and the quality of the products, but its difficult to know when people shopping in the virtual environment. Risk perception might be one of the most important reason that restrain consumers to purchase online (McCorkle, 1990; Ernst and Young, 2001; Park et al., 2005). As a result, presenting product in an attractive and convincing way is necessary to the online apparel companies. Also, pleasant virtual shopping experience may reduce the perceived risk which associated with online purchasing behaviour (Bhatti et al., 2000; Park et al., 2005). Furthermore, as mentioned above, one of most key factors for Zappos success is the shoes presentation in 360 degree with plenty of pictures, which minimise the uncertainties of online shoes shopping (Zappos.com, 2009). According to the empirical research conducted by Song and Zahedi (2005), website design can strengthen customers beliefs and consequently increase the tendency of purchasing online. Therefore, we assume that the website design presents a unique competitive advantage among all the e-commerce strategies and the website usability combined with novel design as well as the product presentation in a detailed and clear way lead to e-consumers ongoing trust building. H1: Web Design has a positive influence on ongoing trust building. 4.53 Credibility Credibility was defined as the consumer belief that a seller is competent, reliable, predictable, and honest, and would perform a potential transaction effectively and reliably, acknowledge explicit contracts, and fulfill the requirements of an agreement (Pavlou, 2002). It is another important contributor to the online trust building. Credibility was also described as believability and a credible website means a believable website (Fogg et al., 2001). Drawing on previous studies, credibility has been identified with two most important dimensions: trustworthiness and expertise. (Fogg et al., 2001; Corritore et al., 2003; Fogg and Tseng, 1999). Trustworthiness is characterised by the well-intentioned, truthful, unbiased behaviour, which requires the web-marketers to convey a real-world features towards its customers, that is to say, providing physical address and employee photographs, linking to outside materials and sources or stating a policy on content, to create a honest and accountable company image. Expertise can be proved by the professional knowledge or skills, sufficient experience and capability (Fogg et al., 2001). In the context of e-commence, e-retailers expertise and profession can be delivered to e-consumers by the demonstration of credentials or the proofs from a third party. As we mentioned before, the Internet is still considered as a risk shopping channel for public. E-marketers face the challenge of reducing the risk perception of shopping online when stepping into the online market where traditional face-to-face communications are replaced by the way of face-to-screen. Particular virtual characteristics require online business to offer a convincing mechanism. Some researchers have proved that feedback mechanism can positively support online transaction, functioning as WOM in the off-line commerce context (Pavlou, 2002). Additionally, reputation is a critical element in the online world, which can help e-retailers to reduce consumers risk perception and lead to the improvement of online trust (Pavlou, 2002). Positive comments from the third parties (previous buyers) have been examined to increase e-retailers reputation and can be a major source of information for trust building, which in turn improve online sellers credibility (Doney and Cannon, 1997, cited in Pavlou, 2002; Kim et al., 2004). Considering online feedback mechanism is a continuous two-way communication progress, it can also contribute to the ongoing course of online trust building. Thus, we hypothesise that a credible website with truthful and expertise features, supported by good reviews, positively affects the ongoingtrust building. H2: Credibility has a positive influence on ongoing trust building. 4.54 Service Quality Parasuraman (1985) defined service quality as the relative perceptual distance between customer expectations and evaluations of service experiences and service quality in his SERVQUAL model (Sung et al., 2009). High-quality service including regularly update web information, response customers enquiry immediately, easy and safe online payment system, clear return/chance/refund policies has a positive impact on website performance (Park and Kim, 2003). Technology development has laid a sound foundation for the service evolution of e-commerce. The increasing popularity and quality of broadband Internet access as well as advanced Web technologies have allowed online retailers to provide flexible and competitive services to their existing and potential customers. These technologies allow retailers to build their online stores and services, and effectively deploy strategies in all aspects of their operations (Lusch et al., 2007 and McCarthy and Aronson, 2000; cited in Ayanso et al., 2010). More and more web retailers are applying advanced information technologies and creative website features to offer better service to the customers (Dabholkar et al., 2003; Moitra and Ganesh, 2005; Tarafdar and Zhang, 2005; Udo and Marquis, 2001; Viswanathan et al., 2007; Wakefield et al., 2004). These refined technology-based website functionalities such as personalisation, advanced search tools and product cataloguing are remarkably popular among onl ine retailers (Chu et al., 2007). They couldnt offer such high-quality online service without the technology support. Many past researches have positively linked online service quality to e-commerce performance. Liu et al. (2001) pointed out four determinants that are significantly related to e-commerce success, which are information and service quality, system use, playfulness, and system design quality. Based on DeLone and McLeans study (2003), Liang and Chen (2009) identified service quality as one of the three important factors of information system success. Marimon et al. (2010) examined that high levels of online service quality has a positive impact on purchasing behavior. While lots of researches testified that service quality is a key attribute of the e-commerce success, several studies argued that none of them have established an empirical link association between online service quality and the retailers actual sales performance (Ayanso et al., 2010; Marimon et al., 2010). However, considering this study is a consultancy project which is reality-based, practical experience of other firms cant be ignored. In the case of Zappos we have learned that the most critical reason for them to develop so rapidly from an unknown company is customer service, especially the 365 day return and free shipping both ways policy. The main concern when people buying shoes online is that the purchased shoes do not fit them (in size/colour) because they cant try them on before ordering. Particularly in the case of EA, which is not famous and sells quite expensive shoes, a customer-friendly advanced delivery system helps to remove or at least reduce the concern, which is matched with the study conducted by Tan and Wu in 2004. Also, Parasuraman et al. (2005) identified fulfilment, the extent to which the sites promises about order delivery and product availability are fulfilled, as the most critical dimensions of e-service quality and Boshoff split fulfilment into delivery and reliability and proved it to be the strongest predictor of value perception (Parasuraman et al., 2005, Boshoff, 2007; cited in Marimon et al., 2010). Therefore, we argue that service quality could be a stronger antecedent of online trust building due to fulfilment aspect. Furthermore, Tan and Wu (2004) referred that, especially for the wholesalers and retailers in China, the barriers to employ online promotions were poor credibility monitoring systems both for vendors and consumers, awkward delivery systems, and lagging behind payment. A reliable payment system is also important for EA due to the high price of its products. People start to think more when its a large amount of money paying to a not well-known company. Moreover, Stockdale and Standing (2006) compared the benefits and barriers which SMEs should take into account for e-business. Apart from limited resources, one of the most possible barriers for SMEs is the lack of specific e-commerce marketing experience or e-busines s professionals. Especially in China e-commerce is still at the initial stage and organisations are exploring e-business while doing it. That is, another important attribute is e-business professionals. Perceived service quality significantly contributes to customer trust (Liang and Chen, 2009). Namely, the service quality of an online firm is positively linked with its ongoing trust building in three dimensions: e-business professionals, fulfilment and payment system. Accordingly, we propose that: H3: Service Quality has a positive influence on ongoing trust building. 4.55 Intention to Purchase We can expect that the various antecedents of online trust building web design, credibility, service quality have different effects on purchase intention. This expectation is based on the previous study about the behavioural consequences of customer satisfaction (Zeng et al., 2009). In the findings, five elements (fulfilment/reliability, customer service, ease of use and product/service quality) are directly/indirectly impact the customer behavioural consequence through overall satisfaction, while those behavioural consequences are practically and theoretically proved to demonstrate as loyalty to the firm, intention to purchase and repurchase, willingness to pay premium price, willingness to post positive reviews about the firm and its service, and recommendation to others (Bearden and Teel, 1983; Zeithaml et al., 1996; cited in Zeng et al., 2009). Customer satisfaction was found to possibly contribute to trust and satisfied customers mostly have high confidence in the company and their future transaction activities (Garbarino and Johnson, 1999; Geyskens et al., 1998; Ganesan, 1994; cited in Liang and Chen, 2009). Approved by their own research, Liang and Chen (2009) suggested that trusted consumers have more commitment and more willingness to develop a solid relationship with service providers than satisfied ones. This finding logically supports the prediction that trust has a positive influence on the intention to purchase/re purchase. Public Opinion: Gender Differences in Sex Abuse of Children Public Opinion: Gender Differences in Sex Abuse of Children Table of Contents (Jump to) 1. Introduction 2. Gender Bias 3. Gender Inequality 3. Registering of Sex Offenders 4. Limitations of the Research Approach 5. References 1. Introduction This dataset is analysed using the principal of thematic analysis. The dataset was extracted from media reports related to the case of a woman who abused her partner’s three-year-old daughter. Thematic analysis is a qualitative analytic method used for analysing or identifying themes across a dataset (Craver, 2014). The process is illustrated in the appendices, adopting the approach used by King and Horrocks (2010). One of the overarching themes in the analysis of the data relates to public opinion about gender differences in the sexual abuse of children. There are two sub-categories, namely gender bias and gender inequality. 2. Gender Bias Gender bias can be seen in the few quotes below: â€Å"A group of feminist not too long ago told me women never sexually abuse anyone only men I guess this women and those teachers that have been in the news recently don’t exist† â€Å"This cannot be true! Because feminists are constantly telling us that it is only men who are violent and abusive!† â€Å"It has been kept quiet over the years just how many women abuse children. I’m glad that she is being held accountable. â€Å"Another female paedophile, the myth of all women being gentle is lifted† â€Å"We hear so many stories of â€Å"boyfriends† of women being guilty of abusing a child, so this is quite shocking, what is her excuse? â€Å"We live in a gynocentric feminist so society. Had he not done it this way, she would have accused him, he would have been arrested, separated from his child and would never been believed. Ask the thousands of fathers to whom similar things have happened through malicious false accusations. Men a perpetrator. Women are victims. De facto† Analytic research done by Landor and Eisenchlas (2012) shed some light on gender bias in Australian print-media reports regarding sexual acts. The authors gave two case studies. First, they described the teacher Mary Kay LeTourneau’s marriage to her former student, with whom she had been engaged in a sexual relationship since he was 12 years of age. The headline they use as an example reads: â€Å"School lovers tie knot†. The contrasting case advanced by the authors was related to the story of Brisbane teacher Allan Thomas Walters, who was charged with indecency in his dealings with a 13-year-old boy; the example headline reads: â€Å"More time for pervert†. The two case studies advanced by the authors are very similar in terms of the age of the victim and the offences committed. However, the media clearly portrayed LeTourneau’s case in a less negative way than Walters’ case. The article uses the comparison appropriately throughout, although the arg ument presented is unbalanced. Another example of gender bias was given by Tsopelas et al. (2012), in which a victim of a female perpetrator was not believed when they made allegations to the authorities. This suggests that a higher standard of evidence is required in cases of child sex abuse by female perpetrators. It can be seen on the data transcript that some people were angry that the father had to put the girl through more abuse before enough evidence could be gained. â€Å"My stepmother, a famous person, abused my little brother like this when he was a toddler. To this day, despite my witnessing it and my brother being terrified of her, my father refuses to believe us. If only we too could have planted a camera† â€Å"Another awful thing about this is that with the knowledge that his daughter was being abused in order for him to gather evident the child had to endure another vile attack† â€Å"Its so sad that the faher had to put his daughter through two more violent events in order to get proff but I guess he had no choice.† â€Å"Well done for showing self restraint altho I don’t agree with the way the child was put thu the abuse again in order to abtain more damning evidence† â€Å"Men a perpetrators. Women are victims. De facto† â€Å"†¦..after just having read bat those poor wretched girls in Rotherham. Authorities there should all be sacked, how can this happen, seriously? â€Å"Reading the comments made I can say that the Father did the right thing 1. He had a recording of what was happening the Child screaming, yelling, crying for Help. That is not enough proof for the Police, that can be classified as Child Abuse only. 2. He had to have actual evidence for the Police, Courts. Of the actual act been committed for his (Partner) to be prosecuted in court in accordance with the law. She could have turned all against him, had he not had that important piece of evidence, so she can be convicted and from now on be classified as a Paedophiler(visual/audio proof). 3. Gender Inequality Gender inequality is the second sub-category. Geddes, Tyson, and McGreal (2012) discovered that female teachers who have committed sexual acts with a student are punished more leniently compared to male counterparts. The study also found that participants showed significantly more anger towards male teachers who commit such acts. However, the sample size of the study was not equally distributed: although the author randomly sent out the questionnaire to 250 female students and 250 male students, out of 130 respondents, 86 were female and 44 were male. Geddes, Tyson and McGreal (2012) believed a sample size of more than 30 participants was large enough to obtain significant values, based on a test run on the violation assumption using analysis of variance. However, it is important to achieve a gender-balanced sample size to study gender bias. Gender inequality can be found in the following comments: â€Å"As usual not naming this monster, but a guy doing this would have his picture and name plastered all over the media† â€Å"Why isn’t she being named, if it was a bloke his name would be plastered everywhere for what he did† â€Å"This woman is a common filthy pedophile and must go to jail, as men go to jail. Anything other than jail would serve as proof there are not equal rights between the genders† â€Å"2Guaranteed this woman will not do jail I don’t care what that judge said, however if the roles were reserved this would be another matter† â€Å"Who recalls the push for laws where women would be allowed to have the police run back ground check on potential partners. Do man get this right? If not why not?† Angelides (2008) discusses another aspect of gender inequality in child sex-abuse cases. The author presented two examples involving a teacher-student relationship. One involved Karen Ellis, a 37-year-old teacher who committed sexual offences with a child under the age of 16. She was sentenced for six months. On the other hand, tennis coach Gavin Hopper pleaded guilty of having a sexual relationship with his 14-year-old student and was jailed for two years and three months. On the basis of this comparison of two similar situations Angelides (2008) presents a very good argument regarding the principal of gender equality in the sentencing of offenders. While judges have shown some leniency towards female perpetrators, comments from the data seem to express a wish to see harsh punishment for sex offenders. For example: â€Å"A nice long sentence I hope† â€Å"I’d lock her in solitary confinement and feed her food under the door and weld it up so she could not be released.† â€Å"Jail this pedophile for life† â€Å"This woman is a common filthy pedophile and must go to jail, as men go to jail. â€Å"Hope the horrible woman is jailed for a long time. â€Å"It’s the other prisoners who could be her real punishment† â€Å"VILE WOMAN THROW THE BOOK AT HER† Statistics have shown that sex-offender treatment programmes have a small but positive effect on sex offenders (Craissati, South, Bierer, 2009). However, in some patriarchal cultures such as in India, harsher punishments are meted to stop violence against women (Gill, Harrison, 2013). Gill and Harrison (2013) discussed both punitive options and the kinds of treatment that are available for sex offenders in relation to the sexual violence issue in India. The punitive options are demonstrably based on the human-rights principle regarding the death penalty. Gill and Harrison (2013) believed that harsh punishment might not be the best approach to sex offences in the justice system in India. Sex-offender treatment programmes might be a better strategy. Declining moral standards is another overarching theme. Males were dominantly viewed as perpetrators of child sex abuse in the 1980s, with females appearing almost exclusively as victims (Tsopelas, Tsetsou, Ntounas and Douzenis, 2012). Current literature is paying more attention to the role of female sexual abusers. This cultural shift was due to the increasing of the proportion of female sex offenders in all sexual-assault arrests from 1% in 1994 to 8% in 1997 (Vandiver and Walker, 2002). Below are the illustrative quotes from the data that show public disappointment about declining moral values in society: â€Å"Britain in the 21st century† â€Å"What the hell is wrong with people. Why would you harm an innocent child?† â€Å"What has gone so wrong in our world when so much of this is happening?† â€Å"Some people say it was always so, but I dont believe that at all. I think its an epidemic now† â€Å"I remember my childhood as being safe and secure. Parents were always there for me. I wish it could be the same for all children. What a horrible world we live in† â€Å"Something is clearly wrong in this godforsaken world we live in† 3. Registering of Sex Offenders One further overarching theme is related to legislation. Registering of child sex abusers is practised by many Western countries such as the USA and the United Kingdom. The general public tend to want sex offenders to be put on a register in order to protect the general public. But other find this labelling could create a barrier to sex offenders reintegrating with society (Bollinger, Seidler, Kemp, 2012). The study by Bollinger, Seidler and Kemp (2012) found an interesting result: people with children wanted more punitive approaches towards sexual offenders, even when not fully aware of the purpose of a register. A few relevant quotes are shown below: â€Å"I hope shes put on the domestic abuse register† The attacker has, IMO, no right to anonymity† â€Å"so she can be convicted and from now on be classified as a Paedophiler† â€Å"Around here we are starting to name and shame people that don’t pick up their dog mess YET they don’t name or shame these disgusting vile people? We have right to know who she is. However, some quotes suggest perpetrators should not be named, in order to protect their victims: â€Å"The anonymity of the perp is to protect the identity of the child, not the perp. As a victim of sexual abuse there is an automatic protection of identity† The problem with naming and shaming is that if the perpetrator of the abuse is known to people in the area, the little girl would also be identified by association which is often best avoided† 4. Limitations of the Research Approach Thematic analysis is a popular method widely used in qualitative research (Braun Clarke, 2013). However, this qualitative method can be subject to the personal bias of researchers (Vaismoradi, Turunen, Bondas, 2013) as well as the researcher’s grounding in epistemological philosophy. Hence, it is important to take the philosophical perspective into account when choosing the design for the study. 5. References Angelides, S. (2008). ‘Sexual offences against â€Å"children† and the question of judicial gender bias.’ Australian Feminist Studies, 23(57), 359-373. Doi: 10.1080/08164640802233302 Bollinger, J., Seidler, K., Kemp, R. (2012). ‘Who thinks what about child protection: Community perceptions and awareness of child protection strategies and their effectiveness for reducing sexual reoffending.’ Sexual Abuse in Australia and New Zealand, 4(4), 33-40. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4sid=4f62b2c7-f642-47e6-b828-1f128e44c525%40sessionmgr4001hid=4213 Braun, V., Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Craissati, J., South, R., Bierer, K. (2009). ‘Exploring the effectiveness of community sex offender treatment in relation to risk and re-offending.’ Journal of Forensic Psychiatry Psychology, 20(6), 769*784. Doi: 10.1080/14789940903174105 Craver, G.A. (2014). ‘Not just for beginners – A review of successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners.’ The Qualitative Report, 19 (review 16), 1-4. Retrieved from http://www.nova.edu.ssss/QR/QR19/craver16.pdf Geddes, R.A., Tyson, G.R., McGreal (2012). ‘Gender bias in the education system: Perceptions of teacher-student sexual relationships.’ Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 1-11. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com Gill, A.K., Harrison, K. (2013). ‘Sentencing sex offenders in India: Retributive justice versus sex offender treatment programmes and restorative justice approaches.’ International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 8(2), 166-181. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=7sid=bf077283-9215-4735-9500-dad6353ad5fc%40sessionmgr4001hid=4213 King, N., Horrocks, C. (2010). Interviews in qualitative research. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Landor, R.V., Eisenchlas, S.A. (2012). ‘â€Å"Coming clean† on Duty of Care: Australian print media’s representation of male versus female sex offenders in institutional contexts.’ Sexuality Culture, 16, 486-502. Doi: 10.1007/s12119-012-9134-5. Tsopelas, C., Tsetsou, S., Ntounas, P., Douzenis, A. (2012). ‘Female perpetrators of sexual abuse of minors: what are the consequences for the victims?’ International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 35(4), 305-310. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2012.04.003 Vandiver, D.M., Walker, J.T. (2002). ‘Female sex offenders: An overview and analysis of 40 cases.’ Criminal Justice Review, 27(2), 284-300. Retrieved from http://cjr.sagepub.com/content/27/2/284 Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., Bondas, T. (2013). ‘Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study.’ Nursing and Health Sciences, 15, 398-405. Doi: 10.1111/nhs.12048